EC project "Review of Historical Seismicity in Europe" (RHISE) 1989-1993

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• Introduction
• Data from sources of the seismological compilations
• Documentary sources
• Comments
• Acknowledgements
• References

Introduction
The study of the earthquakes which occurred at border regions was the subject of the CEC project RHISE. In this context, the Eastern Alps area is interesting for the presence of different nations and rulers through history.
In the time window 1670-1700 high seismic activity was observed in the Italian territory, including some notable earthquakes in the Eastern Alps. In addition, the study of the seismicity of this time window is particularly stimulating because of the earthquake of December 4, 1690 located in the Villach area. As no strong events are reported after 1700 in this area (Fig. 1), the 1690 earthquake may offer interesting suggestions also for understanding the 1348 earthquake, usually located in the same area (Hammerl, 1994).
The 1690 earthquake is better known in the Austrian territory, where it caused damage (Eisinger, 1991), but it seems to have left no traces in northern Friuli (Slejko and Cergol, 1991), about 50 km from the epicentral area.
The lack of information on the effects of the 1690 earthquake on the Italian territory is not yet adequately explained and remains a crucial point for a global comprehension of the event. In order to better understand the possible causes of these circumstances, this study examines the information coming from the sources of the main seismological compilations and some archival sources for the events of the time window 1689-1700, which could have affected the Friuli area. One of the problems is to understand if the lack of sources for this area applies only to the 1690 earthquake or if it is common for all events of that period.

Data from the sources of the seismological compilations

Italian sources for the 1690 earthquake
The main Italian records of the 1690 earthquake come from Bonito's compilation (1691) (Fig. 2). Bonito quotes the Avvisi di Venezia of December 9 and 16, 1690, and the Avvisi di Vienna of December 10. The Avvisi were collections of news coming from various Italian and European towns, handwritten or, more rarely, printed and distributed in the most important economic and cultural centres. The three above quoted Avvisi are all published in Naples, respectively on December 20 and 27 (Venice) and on January 3, 1691 (Vienna).
The first quoted Avvisi di Venezia (1690a) reports an earthquake on the S. Barbara's day (December 4), felt at 23.00, followed by a lighter one at 3.00 ; it caused some chimneys to fall and light damage to the church of SS. Giovanni and Paolo and to other churches in Venice. The Avvisi di Venezia dated December 16 (1690b) says that the most serious damage was in Villach, where some buildings collapsed, and in the Venetian Parenzo and Rovigno, where 20 casualties were counted. It is remarkable that Bonito, the only author using this source, is also the only one to report damage and victims in Istria.

The Avvisi di Vienna (1691) of December 10 reports that "una terribile scossa di Terremoto" was felt in the city and nearby, frightening all the inhabitants (Fig. 3). Other versions of Avvisi, found during the research for retrieving the original Bonito's sources (Tab. 1) are: an Avvisi di Venezia of December 9 (1690c) and an Avvisi di Vienna of December 10 (1690), published in Foligno on December 15 and 19 respectively. These versions of Avvisi report different information from that used by Bonito: in Venice some chimneys fell and the shock was felt on the nearby islands too, without damage; in Vienna the earthquake was felt on Monday evening, without damage. The shock was felt also in Graz, a locality not quoted by the other Avvisi (Tab. 1).
Only poor information comes from other Italian sources: Garzoni (1705), quoted by Zanon (1937), confirms that a shock was felt in Venice in 1690, while captain Mocenigo was embarking for the war against the Turkish pirates; a manuscript of Guadagni (XVIII), quoted by Goiran (1880) and Baratta (1901), reports a shock felt in Verona on December 4, 1690 "circa le due di notte". Taramelli (1883) refers to Belluno reporting a "gran terremoto" without damage which occurred on May 4, 1690; he quotes the "Libro delle provvigioni" (XVII) of the noblemen of the city. The Italian catalogue (Postpischl, 1985) does not mention any earthquake in northeastern Italy in May 1689, 1690 or 1691. A direct check of the source of Taramelli has given no more information on the date of the earthquake, because the register was seriously damaged by a flood and it is illegible.
Information on the 1690 earthquake coming from German and Austrian sources are analysed in the study by U. Eisinger and R. Gutdeutsch (1994).

Earthquakes in 1689, 1691 and 1695
A brief analysis of the information contained in the main seismological compilations was performed for some other events which occurred in the Eastern Alps at the end of the 17th century.
For the December 22, 1689 earthquake at Innsbruck the principal sources are the Avvisi di Innsbruck (1689), quoted by Bonito, and a few local chronicles

quoted by Schorn (1902). These sources describe the effects at Innsbruck and its immediate neighbourhood only, but there is no information for Friuli or the Veneto area.

The Ljubljana earthquake of February 19, 1691 is mentioned by local and coeval sources (Thalnitscher, 1691) and by important collections of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as Theatrum Europaeum (1699) and Collection Académique (Gueneau de Montbeillard, 1761). The only record for the Italian territory comes from Venice. The quake is however reported, although a little confusedly, to have been felt over a wider area, as far as Basel and the Rhine Valley (Seyfart, 1756; M.J.A.W., 1764).
The lack of information from Friuli is evident for the Asolo earthquake of February 25, 1695, which caused heavy damage in the Republic of Venice. The quake is recorded by many coeval chronicles of northern Italian towns and by Collection Académique. The earthquake caused many victims in the Veneto region, was heavily felt in Emilia and Lombardia (Baratta, 1901) and recorded, according to Schorn (1902) and Ambraseys (1976), in Bolzano and Switzerland; no sources mention the Friuli area.

The July 28, 1700 Raveo earthquake
On July 28, 1700 a strong earthquake hit northern Friuli damaging some villages in the Degano Valley. This earthquake is almost unknown because it took place in a mountain area of modest demographic consistence and slender economic means. The poverty caused also cultural isolation and little news from this region reached the major towns.
In Tommasi (1888) and Baratta (1901) this quake is briefly described; their sources (Fig. 4) refer only to Enemonzo (APEn, 1700a) and S. Stefano di Piano (APPArt, 1700): "Al 28 luglio furono sentite fortissime scosse ad Enemonzo e a S. Stefano in Piano; a Enemonzo ruinarono delle case, si screpolarono i muri della chiesa e perirono 6 persone".
Ambraseys (1976) gives a more detailed report of the event, listing eleven localities: "Locally destructive shock which affected Enemonzo, where the church and its belfry were ruined and six people were killed. Raveo, Esemon, Quinis, Priuso and Mediis were also ruined. At Socchieve many houses collapsed. Damage extended to the settlements of S. Stefano di Piano, Muina, Ovaro, Mione and along the river Degano. The shock caused a landslide from Mt. Forchianon. There is no evidence that the shock was felt elsewhere".
The family-tree of the sources for the study of the Raveo earthquake includes also a study by Gentile et al. (1984). This paper will be analysed in a subsequent paragraph.

Comments
- For the 1689, 1690, 1691 and 1695 earthquakes the basis of the sources used by the seismological compilations is very similar: local descriptions for the

most damaged localities, and publications of wider diffusion (collections, Academy Acts) giving information on large towns, even located far from the damaged area. For these events no information for towns or villages in Friuli has been retrieved, even for the 1695 Asolo earthquake, which occurred in Veneto, where communications were easier than in Friuli.
- On the contrary, for the 1700 earthquake, only local and prevalently ecclesiastical sources have been retrieved: they refer only to the mountain area of Friuli and ignore closer important towns like Udine or Venice and the nearby territories of the Austrian monarchy.

As this information basis is quite unsatisfactory, mostly for Friuli, further investigations of archival sources were undertaken, with particular attention to the ecclesiastic ones, from which a few references to Friuli derive.

Documentary sources

Civil sources
At the end of the 17th century, the northeastern Alpine area included some territories belonging to the Republic of Venice (Veneto, part of present Friuli, and part of Istria and Dalmatia) and some territories under the Austrian Monarchy: Tyrol (Innsbruck and Bolzano), Principality of Trento, Carinthia (Villach, Klagenfurt, part of the present province of Udine), Krain (with Ljubljana, Gorizia and Trieste), Styria and Croatia.
Since 1420 Friuli had been a province of the Republic of Venice, named Patria del Friuli. Its territory was divided into Quartieri della contadinanza to which the village communities referred. The Friuli mountain area (the most affected by seismic events) consisted of two administrative systems: in eastern Friuli there was the Carnia province, and in western Friuli a network of feudal possessions. In the 18th century, that which is now Carnia was mostly ruled by the Comunità di Villaggio (village communities) and included (Fig. 8): the Quartieri of Carnia (Socchieve; S. Pietro; Gorto, divided into Pieve of S. Maria and S. Giorgio); the Ville of Carnia annexed to the Tolmezzo community (Sappada and Forni Avoltri; Sauris; Timau and Cleulis; Alesso and Oncedis); Moggio Abbey and its territory; Forni Savorgnani; the Cadore.
Civil archival sources were analysed in previous studies (Cergol and Slejko, 1991). From that kind of sources only one piece of information regarding the 1690 Villach earthquake was found in the Archive of the Republic of Venice: light damage to the fortress of Chiusa is reported in a letter from the fortress keeper to the "luogotenente in Udine" (Slejko and Cergol, 1991). Further information on the investigation in the State Archives of Venice is found in Albini (1993). No more information for the 1690 and 1700 earthquakes was found in the Archivio di Stato of Udine or in those municipal archives of Friuli which store documents of the 17th and 18th centuries (Cergol, 1991).

Ecclesiastic sources
Recently a new research was undertaken in the Archivio Arcivescovile of Udine, which stores funds concerning Friuli and Carinthia, and in the parish archives of the main villages in northern Friuli.
At the end of 17th century, the territory of Patria del Friuli, from the ecclesiastic point of view, belonged to the Patriarchate of Aquileia (which included the Aquileia diocese and many suffragan dioceses, among which Concordia and Ceneda, in Friuli; Fig. 5), which extended beyond the borders of the Republic of Venice and also included some territories under the Austrian monarchy. The northern diocese border was marked by the Drau river, north of the Julian Alps; part of Styria, all Krain, Istria and the northern Dalmatian coast belonged to the Patriarchate. The Patriarch Curia had been seated in Udine since 1447.
The archdeacons, as representative of the Patriarch, took care of the farthest territories of the Diocese, because of its large extent. Four Archdeaconships,

one in Villach for Carinthia and three in Krain, had been established for the trans-Alpine regions. The Habsburg monarchy strongly opposed the patriarchal jurisdiction over the Austrian territories, especially after the Reformation; because of this reason, the communications between the Patriarch and the archdeacons were often difficult (Paschini, 1933).

Pastoral visitations
Documents about four pastoral visitations during the decade following the earthquake of 1690 (Cergol, 1991) are kept in the archive of the archbishop curia in Udine; pastoral visitations were made periodically by the titular bishop or by his representative, in order to check the state of his diocese.
In the first pastoral visit, the bishop of Cittanova, commissioned by the patriarch of Aquileia, visited churches and monasteries in the Cividale area from July 21 to 25 1692 (ACArUd, 1692a); in the second, the same bishop visited churches in the Aquileia diocese from August 17 to 31 of the same year (ACArUd, 1692b). These two visitations involved a limited area far from the epicentral area of the 1690 earthquake, and neither information on the Villach quake nor on other seismic events is reported .
Filippo Giacomo Reischl, archdeacon of northern Carinthia, made a pastoral visitation in this region, probably between June 1694 and January 1696, when he sent his report to the Aquileia Patriarch Giovanni Delfino. The report (ACArUd, 1694-95) is stored in the file A parte imperii, which contains documents referring to Austrian territories under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Aquileia Patriarchy. This report does not give the exact timing of the visitations but refers in the title to the years 1694 and 1695 and reports that the Villach town was visited on June 16, 1695. The stops of the visitation along the Gail Valley, the northern Drau Valley, the Villach neighbourhood and some villages around Tarvisio, are described accurately (Fig. 6).
A fixed scheme was used by the visitor in his report for each parish: the church name, a list of secondary churches, the general state of the building, the name of the parson and collaborators, a judgement on the parson's management, the parish income and the number of parishioners.
More than 30 parishes, in addition to secondary churches, were examined during this pastoral visitation and the only information on damage caused by the earthquake refers to Villach. The S. Giacomo parish church was completely destroyed; according to the visitor it was promptly reconstructed and was, at the visitation time, the most beautiful of all Carinthia. It should be noted that the date of the quake is reported as "quarto septembris in festo S. Barbarae", but the holiday of S. Barbara is on December 4. The bell tower, which collapsed because of the quake was not yet completely rebuilt but the bells and the new clock were already installed. The S. Michele chapel, located in the cemetery, near the parish church, was still damaged and it was not possible to celebrate the service inside. The Santo Spirito church, near the hospital, was already completely restored.

No further description of damage is reported for the other inspected parishes. More precisely a tower (or bell tower) "ex magna parte ruinata" of the Firniz church (today Fürnitz, a few kilometres from Villach) is mentioned in the report, but there is no direct reference to the earthquake. It should be noted, however, that the archdeacon Reischl was the Villach parson and that he could have been motivated to amplify the damage to his church; on the contrary his companion, Martin Reschen, was the parson of St. Stephan in Carinthia but he does not refer to any damage to his own parish.
Information on many parishes may be lacking because of the religious wars still continuing in those years; in some cases the visitor himself stated the impossibility of obtaining a clear view of the situation: because of the great misery, the inhabitants of Tarvisio valley (parishes of Malborghetto, Cuniza, Camporosso), rebelled against both the civil and religious authorities.

The Patriarch Delfino personally visited Carnia, one year after the quake of July 28, 1700, between June and August 1701. The bishop's journey is reconstructed in Fig. 7. Although the Patriarch inspected localities included in the area hit, a description of damage is available only for a few churches. The document (ACArUd, 1701a) consists mainly of orders for repairing outer walls, arches and floors of the churches of S. Nicolò di Alzeri (Piano d'Arta), S. Nicolò di Ligosullo, Spirito Santo di Monaio, S. Vito e Modesto di Liariis, S. Volfango di Pracerei (not yet identified) and S. Giacomo di Forni di Sopra.

This information is important because it refers to localities not reported by sources already known.
Indirect information about the 1700 earthquake comes also from the series Documenti of the same fund (ACArUd, 1701b). For the Ovaro locality there is a letter from the parish to the Patriarch; the priest writes that he was not able to fulfil his orders given during the last pastoral visitation because his church was damaged by an earthquake.
The church of Valtois (Ampezzo) in 1701 still remained ruined by an earthquake and was not rebuilt, but the information is not directly connected with the 1700 shock.

Sources from the parish archives
Research in Friuli has been carried out in some parish archives, which hold documents of the end of the 17th and 18th centuries, namely Tolmezzo, S. Floriano di Illegio, Enemonzo, Alzeri, Piano d'Arta, Paularo, Pontebba, Resia, Dogna, Chiusaforte and Zuglio. Other archives, which hold documents that could be of interest, were temporarily closed at the time of the research.
There is no information about earthquakes between 1690 and 1695; on the contrary, data are available for the 1348 and 1511 earthquakes and for the 1692 flood.

The investigation on the 1700 Raveo earthquake was more fruitful. Tommasi (1888), Verona (1889) and Ciceri (1976) used sources from the parish archives: Verona from the parish archives of Lauco and Maiaso and a note written by G. Ellero (1700) in the Registro dei Battesimi e dei Matrimoni of Lauco; Ciceri reports a note by F. Poiano (1700) of Maiaso. Gentile et al. (1984) refer to the sources published by the above mentioned authors (Fig. 4).
Information about the earthquake has been found in the Enemonzo parish archive, both in the Registro dei morti (APEn, 1700a), quoted by Tommasi (1888), and in the Registro dei nati (APEn, 1700b) which was not considered before. The note of Poiano is transcribed in a recent chronicle of Enemonzo (APEn, n.d.); this record is almost the same as that reported in Ciceri and is probably the one used by Ambraseys (1976). The register of Camerari di S. Stefano in Piano, source of Tommasi (1888), has been found at the parish archive of Piano d'Arta and gives the cost of repairs to the church belfry, damaged by the earthquake. The bell tower of Alzeri, according to the documents of its parish archive, was damaged too.
From all these sources it is possible to draw a more precise outline of the Raveo earthquake. The earthquake happened "one hour before day, it lasted half an hour and felled all the tiled houses" (many houses had wooden or straw roofs) (APEn, 1700a). The village most affected seems to have been Raveo with 5 victims (APEn, 1700a). In this area the villages consisted of a few houses and the damage refers, principally, to the churches, the only relevant buildings at that time.

The damage was certainly heavy, but a careful reading of descriptions shows that only a few houses and some churches collapsed.

In Tab. 2 the historical information is summarised and in Fig. 8 the damaged localities are shown. The total number of victims was 18. The distribution of information shows that the earthquake affected mostly the Quartiere di Socchieve and the Quartiere di Gorto, both located in the Degano Valley. The only information about other Quartieri concerns Piano and Imponzo. The knowledge of this earthquake is still limited to the Degano valley, the most damaged area, and little is known about its surroundings. In addition, most of the information on the 1700 earthquake, also taking into account the data from the sources quoted by the seismological compilations, derives from ecclesiastic sources, such as official visits, administrative papers and parish records.

Sampling in the Vatican Archives
A sampling made in some funds of the Vatican Archives did not give appreciable results for the earthquakes of the Eastern Alps in the time span 1690-95. The only information comes from the fund Segreteria di Stato, where the Avvisi quoted above were found. Further information about the investigation in the Vatican Archives is found in Castelli (1993).

Comments
Information from Italian sources on the December 4, 1690 earthquake are confirmed to be very poor for Friuli. Ecclesiastical and civil documentary sources do not give any new information on this area, with the exception of the letters from the State Archives of Venice. The report of the pastoral visitation (ACArUd, 1694-95) confirms heavy damage in Villach describing the restoration of S. Giacomo church (rebuilt in a very short time), and of the belfry and cracks in the chapel of the cemetery, but no evidence of damage in any other church near Villach or in northern Carinthia is reported, as well as for the present Italian territory. This lack of information could suggest that the 1690 Villach earthquake actually did not caused any damage in Friuli and, for this reason, is not mentioned by local sources.
The 1689 Innsbruck, the 1691 Ljubljana, and the 1695 Asolo earthquakes are not recorded by documents pertaining to Friuli. However, in the administrative and ecclesiastic archives of this region many documents have been found for other earthquakes, even for some not included in the Italian catalogue (Postpischl, 1985). Archival sources are particularly rich for other natural events such as floods (1692 at Piano d'Arta, Cercivento, Forni and Timau), landslides, snowfalls etc. This shows that these earthquakes were probably local and they did not cause notable damage in Friuli.
On the other hand, no source out of Carnia mentions the 1700 Raveo earthquake, which likely hardly hit the life and poor economy of this area. This quake was probably very shallow as many other events in this region; they hit a limited area and are not felt even a few kilometres from the epicentral area (Gentile et al. 1984; Barbano, 1991). The lack of good roads connecting to foreign countries and to other Venetian territories, and the cultural isolation of Carnia did not help transmission of information.

Acknowledgements
This paper is partly based on some investigations performed by Tullia Catalan and Marina Cergol.
The authors wish to thank Massimiliano Stucchi for his stimulating contribution.

References
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